Identify the main cause , both direct and indirect of the civil war Research Paper

Identify the main cause , both direct and indirect of the civil war. Explain how they led to the civil war. What was the most im - Research Paper Example In the years before the Civil War all the issues were centered on the issue of slavery. This started with the debates made on the three-fifths clause on the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It further proceeded with the Compromise of 1820, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, the Nullification Crisis, and finally the Compromise of 1850. In the first half of the nineteenth century slavery was supported by the Southern politicians. They maintained the control of the federal government. Though they had most of their Presidents hailing from the South, they were very serious about maintaining a balance of power in the Senate. New states joined the Union and several compromises appeared to keep an equal number of free and slave states. In 1820, Missouri joined as a slave state and Maine came as a free state. The balance got disrupted in 1850 as Southerners allowed California to come as a free state in return for laws upholding slavery. The balance was later disturbed with the joining of free Orego n and Minnesota. The increase of the gap between free and slave state illustrates the changes happening in each region. When South, with a slow population growth, adopted an agrarian plantation economy, North adopted industrialization. They had large urban areas, with large infrastructures. They witnessed increased birth rates and a large inflow of European immigrants. The increase in population made South to keep a balance in the government. This lead to the addition of several free states. An anti-slavery president was also appointed. The political issue that ultimately took the nation towards the war was nothing but slavery in the western territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. The same case was earlier considered in 1820, when slavery was permitted in the Southern border of Missouri. Rep. David Wilmot tried to prevent slavery as he brought the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After long debate it got defeated. Attempts were made to solve the issue, but failed. The issue appeared again in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in an arrival of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Free Staters and Border Ruffians continued open violence for few years. Even though the pro-slavery forces in Missouri influenced the elections, the President Buchanan accepted the Lecompton Constitution. Though he put it before Congress for Statehood, they rejected it. Congress ordered fresh election. The anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution got it appeal from Congress in 1859. The fight in Kansas increased the problems between South and North. As the South understood that the control of the government was getting weak, it considered the rights arguments of the states to protect slavery. According to Southerners, federal government has no rights to interfere in the rights of the slaveholders and take their property into a new territory as per the tenth Amendment. They said that government should not interfere with slavery. The issue of slavery got worsened by the coming of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Adherents said that slavery is not just a social evil, it is rather a practice which is morally wrong. Abolitionists cried for the freedom of the slaves. They campaigned for anti-slavery causes and demanded the abolition of slavery. They supported anti-slavery caus

Condition vs. Statement Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Condition vs. Statement Analysis - Coursework Example Horizontal analysis makes use of comparisons over two or more years in both currency and percentage forms. Vertical analysis on the other hand, takes into account entries of the balance sheet and presents them as percentages of the total. Finally, ratio analysis is used in financial statement analysis to show the statistical correlation of data (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). The use of financial statement analysis is primarily aimed at informing effective decision making process. While financial statement analysis evaluates the financial performance of an organization from its financial data records to showcase performance, financial condition analysis on the other hand, aims at measuring the position of the business or entity at hand. Two considerations under financial condition analysis include resource flow, and resource stock (Studenmund, 2011). Under resource flow, financial condition analysis takes into account financial indicators such as total margin, charge to expense, and debt service ratios. It also considers financial performance through change in net assets (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). Under resource stock, financial condition analysis takes into account financial ratios (indicators) such as quick for testing liquidity, net assets for measuring solvency, debt to asset for measuring leverage, and capital assets condition for measuring capital (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). The use of financial condition analysi s is primarily aimed at acknowledging the performance or position of the entity at hand. Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith (2013) points that external factors have impact on an organization’s financial performance. In this case, financial condition analysis considers external factors such as competition, market stability, exchange rates, and market volatility. Under these factors, financial condition analysis aims at testing how much the business is able to

Effects of suicide bombing on dera ghazi khan criminology essay

Effects of suicide bombing on dera ghazi khan criminology essay Suicide bombers blow themselves up in order to attack people or property. They may attach explosive to their bodies, which permits them to access crowded areas where placing explosive would otherwise be difficult. Other suicide tactics involve using vehicles to create dangerous accident or run into buildings. In Pakistan mostly the teen agers take participation in suicide attack in the recent past. As of July 2007, before the Lal Masjid assault, the volunteers for self-martyrdom tended to be young, ranging from 18 to 24 years (Dawn, 2009). The main objective of the present study is to assess the socio-economic and Psychological effect of suicide bombing on community. The Universe of study will be comprised of the city areas of Dera Ghazi Khan. The sample of present study will comprised of 120 respondents. The data will be collected from two union councils of city Dera Ghazi Khan that will be selected through simple random sampling technique. Multistage sampling technique will be used . At first stage, two union councils will be selected. At the second stage, two colony/Blocks will be selected through simple random sampling technique and the third stage, 60 respondents (30 from each blocks/colony) will be selected randomly and over all 120 respondents will be interviewed. Research tool (Questionnaire) will be constructed to get information according to the objectives of the study. To check the accuracy and suitability of research tool, 10 respondents will be pretested. After making suitable corrections, final data will be gathered. And it will be analyzed by using appropriate statistical techniques (descriptive and inferential). The results will be presented in the form of M.Sc.Thesis. Need for the project: Islam and suicide bombing: The Quran mentions fighting (military jihad) in some 38 verses. Fourteen of the verses, make glancing reference to fighting in the way of Allah (which can mean anything from defensives military operations to a purely personal struggle to improve spiritual conditions). Seven of the verses criticize cowardice in battle. Three verses deal with Gods commands to the (ancient) treacle of Israel to fight against oppressors, two verses deal with the subject of those who break treaties, two refer to losses in battle suffered by unbelievers and two concerns the offering of peace. The remaining verses refer variously to the account of a battle, an attack on Muslims, the experience of fighting, provisions for battle and fighting during Ramadan (Dewdney, 2003) And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you. But do not transgress limits. Truly Allah loves not the transgressors. (Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:190). What is suicide Terrorism? Clear operational definitions and well-defined variables are challenge to researcher who studies suicide terrorism. Some conference attendees disagreed on which definitions of suicide terrorism to use. Andrew Silke of the University of East London noted that through out history, acts that some might dismiss as crazy or diabolical have frequently been employed as rational terrorist tactics. Examples include Catos self-inflicted stabbing and Samsons destruction of the temple where he was held. He noted that groups that have used suicide as a tool include Japanese samurai, English suffragists, IRA hunger-strikers, and Japanese Kamikaze pilots. Silke also raised the questions of how we should consider last-stands battles, such as the Spartans at Thermopylae or Americans at the Alamo. Silkes historical frame work prompted the panel of experts to debate how best to determine the difference between suicide and suicidal (high-risk) acts. Central to the discussion was deciding whether an act that is considered suicidal contributes seminal knowledge to the under standing of suicide terrorism. In other words, should the definitions of suicide terrorism be limited to actions that result only in suicide of should suicidal acts be included as well (Michael, 2006)? Suicide bombing has justly been centre of tending in recent years. A common perception among public and even scientific community is that suicide bombers are abnormal in some way and must be mentally ill. So for there have been no evidence that people who perpetrate the suicide bombing are with mental illness. (Clovard K, 2007). The black and white and simplistic thinking like I am good and right You are bad and wrong are the beliefs which may be fundamental these acts. These beliefs distance people from their foes and make it easier for them to kill people with plain little or no sense of compunction or guilt. However these may be over simplifications for a very complex phenomenon. (Merari A, 2007). Suicide bombers blow themselves up in order to attack people or property. They may seize explosive to their bodies, which allows them to approach crowded areas. Other suicide tactics involve using vehicles to create deadly accidents or run into buildings. Suicide bombers in Afghanistan and Iraq have driven trucks with explosives into buildings to attack them: The 9/11 hijacker flew planes into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Suicide attackers know that they will die for their causes, and are therefore believed the most attached of terrorists. However, there is much professional supposition about the motivations and mindset of suicide bombers (Zelman, 2008). Several news papers reports and information from news channels suggested that the phenomenon of suicide bombing is new in Pakistan. November 6, 2002 marked the occasion when a lady blow herself in front of news paper office in Karachi, injuring 6 people. Since the there have been 40 incidents up till now exacting more than 832 lives and injuring about than 1762. There have been constant rise in the incidents since 2006 with its peak in August 2007. NWFP is the most affected province followed by federally administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Regarding targets of the security personals have been the main target of suicide bombings, followed by other religions sects (Kaplan A, 2007). Psychology of terrorism and especially suicide bombing has drawn so much attention compared to other threats to life in recent years. This perception and attitude aspect to suicide bombing of perpetrators is of great interest to social scientists as well as psychiatrists and psychologists. Therefore psychological explanation of such a behavior could be of interest to many segments of society. Psychological perspectives could explain this extreme behavior of suicide bombing to some extent, though may not be fully applicable to all cases (Kaplan A, 2007). The curse of terrorism have left negative imprints on the economy of our country and devastated the socio conditions of our society also. A large number of domestic investors have flown away due the prevailing shadows of suicidal attacks and foreign investors also avoid investing their capital in our country. Which is one of the main sources that stabilize our economy? Many bread-winners of families have been victimized by this evil currently prevailing in our country. On socio front, the element of uncertainty have created in the minds of masses while going outside for job or business, no one knows whether he/she will come back home or not. (Jones, 2008). Purpose of study: District Dera Ghazi Khan geographically located in a key position and preferring the role of heart. All provinces (Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtun khwa and Punjab) are connected here. National trade and social mobility depend on the calm and peaceful environment of this area so the purpose of this study will be to highlight perception of common people of the area about the suicide bombing and also the atmosphere of uncertainty in their social and economic life. In this study, research will concentrate on the perception of people and to examine that how suicide bombing affects their social and economic life. Most previous studies had focused on infrstctural loses of suicide bombing and I will try to high light the social economic and psychological effects of suicide bombing according to the perception of common people. OBJECTIVES: 1. To find out the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. 2. To examine the perceptions of people about suicide bombing and its impact on their Socialization process. 3. To find out the perceived impact of suicide bombing on community psychology and Economy. 4. To suggest some possible measures for the reduction of suicide bombing. Review of literature: Saxton (2002) recommended that the economic cost of terrorism is comparable to a security or terrorism tax due to the extra cost of security. These diverse costs represent a supply side shock to an economy and can be very large. For example, in Pakistani Army or security forces clash against terrorist in Wana and Swat and much amount spent on this war it is burden on the country. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) the impacts of terrorism on (GDP) Grass Domestic Product per capital in our Country a region that has been weighed down by terrorism. They make an unreal region that consists of a weighted combination of different regions of our country that is planned to act as a counterfactual. It is intended to reflect an economic profile of the region before the start of terrorism. The author says that if any country faced terrorism and then people live difficult life. Palmer (2003) the author explored the general phenomena of terrorism, in a try to inform understanding of terrorist act. He stresses the need for contextualization of acts to terror, their perpetrators their effects on population and individuals, and attention to the psychology of groups. The author covers a brief history of terrorism organizational requirements of terror groups and process of recruiting personnel to them the; the means motives and opportunities terrorist exploit in their work; the need for communication with terror groups; sacrificial death governmental responses to terrorist acts and fear the mental health. The author proposed that terrorist organizations perform some of the functions of a family; that act of terror are propaganda by dead; that terrorism more precisely media treatment of it, breeds formless fears which may directly need to the development of fear-based symptoms and illness with in societies. He noted that terrorism is an enterprise from which many players benefits; that terrorism has a shadow in counter-terrorism, which may range from benign to malignant and that psychiatry could, in this context, acknowledge its bias towards individual psychology and rectify its lack of understanding of groups and the behavior of individual within them. Robert (2003) in his book dying to win; the strategic logic of suicide terrorism controverter many widely held beliefs about suicide terrorism. Based on an analysis of every known case of suicide terrorism from 1980s to 2005 (315 attacks are as part 18 campaigns), he concluded that there is little connection between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism, or anyone of the worlds religions Rather, what nearly are suicide terrorist attacks have in common in a specific secular and strategic goal: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from territory that the terrorist consider to be their homeland. The taproot of suicide terrorism is nationalism; he argues it is an extreme strategy for national liberation. Robert work examines group are diverse as the Basque ETA to the srilankan Tamil Tigers. Robert also notably provides further evidences to a growing body of literature that finds that the majority of suicide terrorist do not come from impoverished or uneducated background, but rather have middle class origins and a significant level of education. Tavares (2003) explained that those who conserve suicide attacks are forced by religious beliefs suggest that the bombers believe that God has sent them on a task. They are motivated mostly by the assure of a happy after life and heavenly reward and the threat of pretty payback their basis is that by blowing themselves up in a crowd of people, they are making themselves martyrs and forge their own entrance to heaven. Blomberg, Hess and Orphanides (2004) estimated a number of models in a challenge to estimate the economic cost of terrorism. Using panel regressions calculating for country-fixed effects, they find that the living in a society we faces many problems but the terrorism is big threat for our safety and our country. No one knows that if he go to the job and he come back home or not. And with this curse our total economy affected because foreigner investor not comes here for business. Chen and Siems (2004) determine the impact of terrorism on justice index with an occasion study method. Unusual takings (deviations of situation-event key ethics from the pre-event average) and increasing irregular takings are the needy variables and the number of military and terrorist trial is the events. Using abnormal and collective abnormal returns on the Dow Jones Industrial Average equity index, the authors discover that of the eight terrorist incidents. Nitsch and Schumacher (2004). He suggested that Religious Terrorism is terrorism fragrant by groups or individual, the drive of which is usually fixed in the trust based tents. Terrorist acts during out the centuries have been performed on religious basis with the wish to either reach or implement a structure of belief, point of view or judgment. Religious terrorism does not in it self essentially define a specific religious stand point or view, but instead usually defines an individual or group view or analysis of that belief systems teachings. Piskhiatr and Korsakova (2004) stated that the consequences of terrorist threat and terrorist acts for mental health of the individual, groups of individuals and community in general were analyzed. Mental disorders emerging in the victim of terrorism is described. The problem of terrorist threats use as a psychic weapon is discussed. Tolerance of population to terrorism can be divided into two types that is psycho physiological and socio-psychological. The ways for elevating tolerability to terrorist threat and terrorist acts are suggested. Help in the centers of terrorist acts must be of the complex character, benign provided by different specialists including psychologists and psychiatrists. The importance of state structures and support in this work is emphasized. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2005) examined the impact of terrorism on foreign direct investment (FDI) which, they make up, may be superior to its impact on economic growth. Different other studies, which use also the number of losses or the number of terrorist attacks as their calculate of terrorism, the authors use an index that is based on expert ratings of the drive, company, size, competence, and barrier of terrorism at a country level. PGAP (2005) this pew global survey concerned over Islamic extremism. According to pew global survey, nearly three-quarters of Moroccans and roughly half of those in Pakistan, Turkey and Indonesia see Islamic extremism as a threat to their countries. At the same time, most Muslim publics are expressing less support for terrorism then in the past. Confidence in Osama Bin Laden has declined markedly in some countries and fewer believe suicide bombings that target civilians are justified in the defense of Islam has declined significantly, In Turkey Morocco and Indonesia.15% or fewer act now say such actions justifiable. In Pakistan, only one in four now take that view (25%), a sharp drop from 41% in March 2004. Hronick (2006) stated that in a study conducted by Muhammad Hafez from university of Missouri-Kansas reported that suicide bombing were often conducted by secular organizations to advance political objectives against a stronger, technologically superior enemy. He noted that these organizations often invoke religion to appeal to individuals in order to convince them that they are fulfilling a commitment to God. He also explained how what he called the reward of martyrdom might motive an individual to undertake a suicide attacks and cited terrorists in Palestinian society as an example. There, suicide attackers are regarded by some as heroes, with their names given to babies or streets, and their sacrifices promoted by posters and mass funerals. Among the purported rewards for a martyr in the afterlife was the ability to intercede with God on behalf of friends and family and redemption for not only the individual, but for the society as well. Also, organizations that sponsor terrorism often bestow money and status on the families of suicide terrorists. Robert and Badar (2006) had explained the rise of suicide bombing since the early 1980s by focusing on the characteristic of suicide bombers, the cultural matrix which they operate, and the strategic calculations the make to maximize their gains. They offered an alternative approach that emphasizes the interaction between Palestinian suicide bombing and Israeli government actions, analyzing the motivations organizational rationales and precipitants for the 138 suicide bombings that took place in Israel the west bank and Gaza between October 2000 and July 2005. Using several sources including Arabic newspapers they find that much of the impetus for Palestinian suicide bombing can be explained by his desire to retaliate against Israeli killings of Palestinians: and that much of the impetus for Israeli Killings of Palestinians can be explained by the desire to retaliate for suicide bombing. When men are angry they commonly act out of revenge and not ambition. Aristotle, politics oppress ed people can not always be expected to behave in a reasonable manner. Benmelech and Berrbi (2007) showed that they study the relation between human capital of suicide bombers and outcomes of their suicide attacks. They argued that human capital is an important factor in the production of terrorism, and that is if terrorist behave rationally we should observe that more able suicide bombers are assigned to more important targets. The empirical analysis suggests that younger and uneducated suicide bombers were being assigned by their terror organization to more important targets. We found that uneducated and younger suicide bombers are less likely to fail in their missions, and are more likely to cause increased causalities when they attack. Gill (2007) narrated that understanding suicide bombing entailed studying the phenomenon on three different dimensions: the suicide bomber, terrorist organization and the community from which suicide bombing emerge. Political and social psychology allow us to establish the reciprocal relationships that underpin the exchange between three dimensions. This method increases our theoretical understandings of suicide bombing by moving away from the UN dimensional models that have previously dominated the terrorism literature. Hassan (2007) Awake till now, it is not possible to decide to what level children are being used for suicide operations in Pakistan and if it was ever a source of income for the TTP (Terikh Tailban Pakistan). Yet, it is known that the phenomenon does s and is also prevalent in nearby Afghanistan. One of the reasons suicide attacks have flourished in the past few years is the visible rapprochement between al Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban. What affects one country will ultimately affect the other, and in the absence of any sign of social and economic development in the most isolated districts of the country, Pakistani suicide bombers tend not to be by-products of the madras system the Pakistani society might have to fear the worst regarding its youth. Unama (2007) presented the main findings Unamas comprehensive inquiry into the phenomenon of suicide attacks in Afghanistan. This study contextualizes suicide attacks in Afghanistan against its occurrence in other theatres, identifying the ways in which suicide attacks in Afghanistan differ from attacks elsewhere. It details available information about the backgrounds of the attackers and sources of support they enjoy, both in Afghanistan and across the border in Pakistan. This report described the human cost borne by its largely civilians victims and identifies several policy implications as well as mitigating strategies. While suicide attackers elsewhere in the world tend not to be poor and uneducated, Afghanistans attackers appear to be young, uneducated and often drawn from madras across the border in Pakistan. They were also fortunately relatively inept at this tactic, managing to kill only themselves in many instances. Suicide assailants in Afghanistan and their supporters seem to be mobilized by a number of grievances. These include a sense of occupation, anger over civilian casualties and affronts to their national, family, and personal senses of honor and dignity that are perpetrated in the conduct of counterinsurgency operations. Some attackers are also motivated by religious rewards and duties. Abawi (2008) reported that CNN terrorism analyst Peter Bergen said the number of suicide bombings in Pakistan has reached unprecedented levels in the past year. Previously, Bergen says, such attacks were rare. The reason for this rise was because Al Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban had morphed together ideologically and tactically, and both see themselves at war with the Pakistani state, Bergen says. Many of the suicide attacks had been aimed at Pakistani politicians, officials and soldiers. Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf had vowed to fight militancy and religious extremism, going after Taliban and Al Qaeda within the country, Pakistans ambassador to the United States, Muhammad Ali Durrani, Some years ago told CNN that the Pakistani military was totally focused in destroying Al Qaeda and the Taliban network and not just one person. Still, the suicide bombers were succeeding targeting political partys rallies military installations and anyone seen as a threat. Meanwhile, civilian s were caught in the crossfire. The bombings, he said, must be stopped. I hope that we will succeed and, God willing we will try to stop these bloody cowards, he says. I dont think they are Muslim. Sayre (2009) analyzed the relationship between Palestinian suicide bombings and economic and political conditions. Labor market conditions can affect the frequency of attacks because when the economy worsens, the opportunity cost of being a terrorist decreases. An alternative explanation is that suicide bombings are responses to changes in the political environment. This paper examined these alternative explanations by estimating court data regression models of the occurrence of Palestinian terrorist attacks from 1993 to 2004. Contrary to the previous literature, this paper found that economic conditions were correlated with suicide terrorism. Specifically, deteriorating local labor market conditions during the al- Aqsa intifada account for nearly half of the increase in suicide bombings during that time. Procedure: The main objective of methodology is to explain various tools and techniques employed for a data collection, analysis and interpretation of data related to research problem. According to Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) the scientific methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which the claims for knowledge are evaluate. The purpose of the present study is to assess the socio-economic and psychological effect of suicide bombing on community. The Universe of study will be urban areas of District Dera Ghazi Khan. The sample of present study will comprised of 120 respondents. The data will be collected from two union councils of city Dera Ghazi Khan that will be selected through simple random sampling technique. Multistage sampling technique will be used and at first stage, two union councils will be selected. At the second, stage two colonies/Blocks will be selected through simple random sampling technique and the third stage, 60 respondents (30 from each blocks/ colony) will be selected randomly and over all 120 respondents will be interviewed. A research tool (Questionnaire) will be constructed to get information according to the objectives of the study and to check the accuracy and suitability of research tool, 10 respondents will be pretested. After making suitable correction, final data will be ga thered.Collected data will be analyzed by using appropriate statistical technique (descriptive and inferential). Literature cited: Abadie, A .and Javier G .2003. The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case-Control Study for The Basque Country. American Economic Review: 93:113-132. Abadie, A. and Javier G.2005. Terrorism and the World Economy. Working Paper Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~aabadie/twe.pdf. Abawi, A.2008. Pakistan bombings reach unprecedented level. CNN. Com edition. 10january , 2008. And population studies; Princeton University department of; Economics RAND Corporation NBER working paper no.W12910. Blomberg, S. Brock, Gregory D. Hess and Athanasios O.2004. The Macroeconomic Consequence of Terrorism Journal of Monetary Economics. 51(5). 1007-1032. Benmelech, E. and Berrebi C.2007. Terrorism and mental illness is there a relationship. Rand Corporation Labour. Chen, A and Thomas S .2004. The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets. European Journal of Political Economy, 20:349-366. Colvard K. 2007. Commentary: the psychology of terrorists. BMJ 2002; 324: 359. Dewdney, AK. 2003. Islam does not support suicide attacks. Physics, 911. Scientific panel Investigation Nine-Eleven. http://physics911.net/islamnotsuicidal. Dawn. 2007. Into the mind of a suicide bomber. Available on http:// www.dawn.com. Suicide Terrorism in Pakistan. /2007/07/21/local17.htm Gill, P. 2007. A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Suicide Bombing. International journal of conflict and violence, 1 (2) 142-159 Hronick, S. Micheal. 2006. Analyzing terror: Researchers study the perpetrators and the effect of suicide terrorism.NIJ journal, (254):1-7. Onlinewww.suicideattack.com/palestineattach.html Jones, J. W. 2008. Blood that cries out from the earth: The psychology of religious Terrorism New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Kaplan A.2007. The psychodynamics of terrorism. In Alexander Y, Gleason J editors. Behavioral and quantitative perspectives on terrorism. New York: Pergamum Press 1981: p.35-50. Michael, S.H. 2006. Analyzing Terror: Researchers study the perpetrators and the affect of Suicide Terrorism. National Institute of justice. NO.254. International centre of the National institute of justice Noorani, T.2008. Root causes of terrorism. Associated Press of Pakistan. Merari A. 2007. The readiness to kill and die: Suicidal terrorism in the Middle East. In Reich W editor. Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies and states of mind. Cambridge University Press 1990; 118-24. Nitsch, V and Dieter S .2004. Terrorism and International Trade: An Empirical Investigation European Journal of Political Economy. 20: 423-433. Nachmias, C.F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research methods in the social sciences. Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton. London. Palmer, Ian. 2003. Terrorism, Suicide Bombing fear and mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 19 (3):289-296 Pew Global Attitude project, (2005). A project of the pew research center. Islamic extremism Common concern for Muslim and attitude survey ww.pewglobal.org/Research (NBER)NBER working paper now 12910. Psikhiatr, Zh. Nevrol and Koraskaova, S.S. 2004. Terrorism and mental health (problems scale, Population Tolerance, management of care). {Article in Russia} 104 (6) : 4-8.Russian.PMID:15285627 Pub med -indexed for MEDLINE Robert J., B. and Badar, Araj. 2006. Suicide bombing as strategy and interaction: The case of the Second Intifada. Social Forces, 84 (4):1969-1986. ISSN 0037-7732 Robert, 2003. The strategic logic of suicide Terrorism. American political science Review, 97(3): 1-19. Hassan,S.S.2007. Recruiting Taliban child soldiers. BBC News. 12 June. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6731389.stm Sayre and Edward A, 2009. Labor Market conditions political events and Palestinian Suicide Bombing Peace Economics. Peace science and Public Policy: 15 (1) http://www. Bepress.com/peps/vo115/iss1/1 www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt. Saxton, J.2002. The Economic Costs of Terrorism Joint Economic Committee U.S. Congress. May .Available from http://www.house.gov/jec/terrorism/costs.pdf. Tavares J .2003. The Open Society Assesses Its Enemies: Shocks, Disasters and Terrorist Attacks prepared for the Carnegie-Rochester Conference on Public Policy, Nov. 21-22, 2003. UNAMA. 2007. Suicide attacks in Afghanistan (2001-2007) United Nations Assistance Mission Kabul, Afghanistan. 09-09-2007. Zalman, A.2008. Suicide Bomber. Terrorism issue. About, Inc., A part of the New York Times Company http. About.com/od/tacticand weapons/g/SuicideBomber.htm.

Biblical Allusions and Imagery in Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath :: Grapes Wrath essays

Biblical Allusions and Imagery in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck always makes it a point to know about his subjects first hand. His stories always have some factual basis behind them. Otherwise, he does not believe that they will be of any value beyond artistic impression. Therefore, most of his novels take place in California, the site of his birth and young life. In preparation for writing his novels, Steinbeck would often travel with people about whom he was going to write. The Grapes of Wrath was no exception to his other works. To prepare for it, he joined migrants in Oklahoma and rode with them to California. When he got to California, he lived with them, joining them in their quest for work. By publishing these experiences and trials of the migrants he achieved an effect that won him the Nobel Prize for literature in 1962. The writing of The Grapes of Wrath coincided with the Great Depression. This time of hardship and struggle for the rest of America gave Steinbeck inspiration for his work. Other peoples' stories of everyday life became issues for Steinbeck. His writings spoke out against those who kept the oppressed in poverty and therefore was branded as a Communist because of his "voice." Although, it did become a bestseller and receive countless awards, his book was banned in many schools and libraries. However, critics never attacked The Grapes of Wrath on the artistic level and they still consider it a beautifully mastered work of art. More than any other American novel, it successfully embodies a contemporary social problem of national scope in an artistically viable expression.1 In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck utilizes Biblical imagery and allusions to illustrate the struggle of the Joad family as a direct parallel with that of the Hebrew people. Steinbeck bolsters the strength of structure and character development in the book through Biblical allusions and imagery. Peter Lisca has noted that the novel reflects the three-part division of the Old Testament exodus account which includes captivity, journey, and the promised land.2 The Joads' story is a direct parallel with that of the Hebrews. Just as the Hebrews were captives of the Pharaoh, the Joads' are captives of their farm. Both make long and arduous journeys until they reach their promised land. Israel is the final destination for the Hebrews and California plays the same role for the Joads. Hunter mentions several of the parallels in the novel. When the Joads embark on their journey, there are twelve members which corresponds to the twelve tribes of Israel who are leaving the old order behind.

Bisexuality Politicised Essay

This paper asks the question how can bisexuality be or become a danger to the dominant sexual script which I problematise as produced racism, sexism, homophobia, and monosexism. That this brand of heterosexuality occupies 99% of our cultural space in entertainment, education, history and public expression and is considered inevitable and unchallengable for 90% of peoples relationships is, I will argue, the victory of white patriarchal science. I intend to show the nature of this victory and imagine what counter struggle and victories might emerge from the site of my bisexuality. The Historical role of Biphopia- Policing the Treaty. Underpinning this paper is the belief in that many if not all heterosexual identifying people can be bisexual and that the majority are to some extent not privately monosexual. The majority status of bisexuality does not make it normal nor ideal however I mention it because it is important to realise that the invisibility of bisexuality requires extraordinary effort to maintain and it’s repression occurs against all people not just a few â€Å"natural† bisexuals. To understand the historical role that biphobia has played and the historical position of bisexuality it is necessary to recognise homosexuality as a creation of western patriarchal and homophobic medical science. Women have always loved women and men have always loved men but the classification of these experiences as a sexuality with little or no element of choice and a biological or individual psychological basis was given currency in the 19th century by a professional class that feared same sex desire. Their construction of homosexuality shaped and informs Western cultural understanding of sexuality â€Å"not in the first place because of its meaningfulness to those whom it defines but because of its indispensableness to those who define themselves against it. † (Segal, L. p145) for it was and is needed â€Å"not only for the persecutory regulation of a nascent minority of distinctly homosexual men (and women) but also for the regulation of the male (and female) homosocial bonds that structure all culture – at any rate all public or heterosexual culture. † (Eve Sedgewick in Segal, L. pp194-5) Early psychoanalytic texts were quite explicit that the project was to police all male and female relationships warning â€Å"teachers and parents not to take too lightly friendships among girls which become passionate† and society to â€Å"be more concerned with the degree of heterosexuality or homosexuality in an individual than they are with the question of whether he has ever had an experience of either sort†. â€Å"The real danger from homosexuality† was seen to lie â€Å"not in actual sex association but in homosexual attitudes towards life† such as the negative attitudes of â€Å"thousands of women †¦ toward men, marriage and family life† influenced by â€Å"latent homosexuality† for â€Å"neurotic attitudes about love and marriage can prove contagious. † (Caprio, F. pp 6 -11) Generally, prior to this the western world had relied on Christianity to dictate the terms of sexuality. Whether sexual attraction was â€Å"natural† was no defence under a regime which tended to view â€Å"natural† sexual desires as needing control from a religious authority. The medical establishment faced the dilemma of replacing religious authorities without having any utilitarian basis for the repression of same sex desire. The construction of homosexuality as a distinct condition was to define normality as exclusive heterosexuality. In fact heterosexuality was simply the condition of being human. Sexual behaviour became a product of a persons condition; the â€Å"human condition† producing normal heterosexual behaviour. There was now no need for a religious justification for preferencing the heterosexual over the homosexual because behaviour was not a matter of choice but a matter of whether or not you were ill; Well or sane people simply didn’t want to have sex with people of their own gender. This was presented as a more humane response to homosexuality than religious condemnation or incarceration. Psychiatrists often called themselves compassionate as they argued for an adoption of â€Å"scientific† curative responses to homosexuality. (Caprio, F, p. xi) The majority gay and lesbian movement accepted the shifting of sexuality into an area for science and have embraced the notion of a biological basis or early psychological basis for sexuality. Their fight has largely been for homosexuality to be treated as incurable and it follows natural and equally valid alternative to heterosexuality, jettisoning any agenda to argue that is better. Only a minority have argued that homosexuality is a political choice and an option for everyone. With both sides ceasing hostilities1, when homosexuality was delisted as a mental illness in 1973 (Altman,D. ,p5), institutionalised heterosexuality and gays and lesbians overt interests have moved to coincide. Victories to normalise homosexuality also normalise heterosexuality’s dominance by depoliticising sexuality in general. In 1993 when a homosexuality gene was â€Å"discovered† a genetic basis for the majority status of heterosexuality was created though not declared. Anyone who would argue that the commonality of heterosexuality might have something to do with social programming and institutional support can now be said to be messing with nature. The proud bisexual threatens this peaceful coexistence of the heterosexual majority and homosexual minority. Recognition of our bisexuality requires a validation of our sexual relationships with people of our own gender based on choice rather than the agreed legitimate biological basis. Such choice may be personal or circumstantial but also political or moral. Normalising bisexuality with a biological cause won’t defuse it’s threat though it could contain it if it relegates us to a fixed minority status. Society still has to reckon with why we choose to validate relationships with people of our own gender by identifying as bisexual. We reopen old debates that many who have found safety in a biological basis for their monosexual identity want to keep closed. (I will revisit this fear in the last section, Bisexuality and the Future when I discuss Bi supremacy. ) A bisexual identity simply has to be defined as confused or an exception to the rule. Individuals have to be pressured to fit themselves into one or the other category. In a secular society without moral taboos people can’t be allowed to entertain the idea that their partners gender is political. Also, understandably gays and lesbians know those moral taboos still hold significant power so many still see their best option as policing the treaty based on the attribution of their sexuality to a biological or psychological cause. Bisexuality and identification – Withdrawing our support for the status quo. The bisexual identifying person is not predominantly someone who feels attraction equally to both genders or without any reference to gender2 and in terms of actual sexual or emotional experience the majority could be classified as predominantly homosexual or heterosexual. â€Å"Why then, don’t you call yourself gay or straight? † is the inevitable response to this confession. And confession it feels like because to indicate a â€Å"leaning† puts at risk the validity given to a bisexual identity within contemporary discourse. Sexual expression is usually presented as representative of something innate rather than a mediation between a person and their world. Consequently the woman who says she usually finds women easier to make emotional connections with is seen to be describing her â€Å"innate† difficulty emotionally connecting with men rather than her experience of men and their culture. Asserting a bisexual identity in the face of this invalidation is about contextualising sexual responses rather than finding invisible internal reasons for them. A bisexual identity in the above circumstance keeps open the possibility that a preference for emotional relationships with women could change if men and male culture changed. Alternatively a preference for sex with men might be attributable to homophobia. (Weinberg, M. S. , p221) The reasons for choices are not always positive ones but the possibility for counter argument exists. Holding onto a bisexual identification based on potentiality, rejects the conservatism of describing reality by the status quo. However a bisexual identity is also partially an attempt to accurately relate personal history as well and this too has a radical power. Most monosexual identifications represent people only by concealing some bisexuality. By identifying as bisexual a person accepts and celebrates those aspects of their life that are inconsistent with a monosexual identity. The power of metanarratives within modernism, including descriptions of sexuality, relies on such inconsistencies being deemed insignificant. Hence a public bisexual identity is a confrontation of generalist theories with lived experience. If people promote such a solidarity with their experiences and the people who compose them that is greater than any to a proposed theory then expounders of metanarratives (including myself) will lose power. Our authority to dictate â€Å"from above† will be replaced by a decentralised authority based on being â€Å"up close† to our own reality. Bisexuality and other oppressions. Sexuality forms alliances across genders, ethnicities, and classes so any bisexual movement which fails to take gender, race or class issues into account poses a real danger of obscuring differences and concealing oppression. (This is also true for a multiplicity of issues such as disability or mental illness). My discussion of bisexuality and other basis for oppression are not intended to present bisexual identification as the panacea of the worlds ills. Social change must be inspired by a diversity of experience and informed by a range of critiques. Given the above it is presumptious for me as a half-wog male to seek to resolve ongoing debates about a bisexual political agenda among feminist women or debates among black women and men on how to connect bi pride with anti-racism. To do so would be to pretend that I can speak from only my bisexuality and abandon any white, male perspctive. As a long term unemployed person I believe I can speak on class issues from the inside to some extent but also still acknowledge the privelage of my university education. This is not to say that I think that sexism is a womens issue or that the responsibility for opposing racism is solely non-whites. Nor am I comfortable being accountable to lesbian or straight feminists on the issue of bisexual profeminism or placing beyond reproach the homophobia of some black liberationist theorists like Eldrige Cleaver. What to speak on and when in regard to a radical bisexualitys’ impact on patriarchal, white supremist and class oppresion is best defined as problematic. As a simple way out I hope to show how I see a politicised bisexuality contributes to my pro-feminism, anti-racism and support for class struggles. It is my hope that this will have relevance for a wider audience. Radical Bisexuality and Pro-feminism. Judith Butler states that â€Å"the heterosexualisation of desire requires and institutes the production of discrete and assymetrical oppositions between â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"masculine† identities. † (Segal, L. p190) Monique Wittig goes further to argue that a woman’s place in heterosexuality is a class of oppression and that the lesbian escapes her class position. (Wittig, M, p. 47) I agree that â€Å"hetero†-sexuality (literally a sexuality based on opposites) reproduces and supports womens oppression in other spheres by creating a binary gender system. Men need to realise that their love for women is problematic when it is that â€Å"love† of the â€Å"feminine identity† that belongs to this sytem. This is the attraction for the other and requires women’s difference to be exaggerated and emphasised. These exaggerations shape women as not-men while we men shape ourselves and are shaped into embodiments of the ideal. The seeming irony of male heterosexuality where women are objects of love being consistent with misoginy where women are objects of hate makes perfect sense through the operation of oppositional heterosexuality precisely because the love requires women to be less than men. A love that does not require partners to be different than ourselves is not possible within exclusive heterosexuality because it fails to provide the argument to repress same sex desire. It is necessary for heterosexual men to confront their homophobia which demands they repress or invalidate their same sex desire before they can love their female partners as their â€Å"own kind† and not another species. An additional benifit to patriarchy of discrete gender identities that is liable to be lost when men reject oppositional heterosexuality is the regulation of male social interaction. The arguments to exclude gay men from the military reveal the mindset deemed necessary to produce a war machine; â€Å"We are asking men in combat to do an essentially irrational thing – put themselves in a position where they are likely to get killed †¦ One of the few ways to persuade men to do that is to appeal to their masculinity †¦ You cannot have an adrogynous military †¦ The idea that fighting is a masculine trait runs deep. As a cultural trait it predates any written history. It may even be a genitic trait †¦ Just think what it would mean to demasculinize combat. The effect on combat effectiveness might be catastrophic. † – Charles Moskos, Military Socioligist quoted in Colonel R. D. Ray, Military Necessity and Homosexuality (Gays:In or Out, p63) It is regrettable that non-heterosexual men and many women are proving they too can make excellent soldiers. 3 However the above quote exaggerates a fact that male â€Å"buddy† relationships are relied on by the military and that this requires a repression of same sex desire. This is because same sex desire is preferential – it is not a love of all men equally – but of a few and potentially for a time. The same-sex loyalty that is demanded by patriarchy including it’s military needs the stability of exclusive heterosexuality; â€Å".. the recognition of homosexuality is a threat to that peculiar combination of male camaraderie and hierachy on which most organisations depend; sexual desire is too anarchic, too disrespectful of established boundaries to be trusted. † (Altman, D. p63) Unravelling their heterosexuality is not the most important thing men must do to support feminism however it is a legitimate part of this support for â€Å"it is the repressed recognition of this fact (that everyone can be homosexual) that does much to fuel homophobia, but equally acts so as to promote male bonding and certain crucial authority structures. † (Altman D. ,p XI) Radical Bisexuality and Racism. The construction of homosexuality as a â€Å"natural† difference from the heterosexual norm shares and competes for the same conceptual space as constructions of race as biological differences from the white norm. This is particularly true because the hetrosexual ideal is represented as white with the sexuality of non-whites traditionally seen as untamed, violent, promiscuous or otherwise deviant even if heterosexual. Non-whites are considered only ever partly heterosexual while white queers are considered not proper whites. The competition for the limited conceptual space has led to historical difficulites in linking white supremacy with heterosexism (exacerbated by white queer activists own racial interests) and in fact has unwittingly linked Gay Power with white power. â€Å"Homosexuality as a race† has developed into a gay and lesbian ethnicity. For whites under racism where their whiteness is considered the norm and thus unnamed, this ethnicity is their only ethnicity, the lesbian/gay â€Å"language† their only language, and lesbian/gay history their only history, to the point that it is not seen as a difference within whiteness but a difference from whiteness. (Blasingame, p52) While we (white queers) are unconscious of our whiteness queer cultural politics consequently becomes a way of colonising non-white cultures with a new white culture, white leaders and white history in a particularly insidious way. While not as powerful as heterosexual institutions for people wanting to be publicly non-heterosexual we have considerable power; in the framing of beauty along racist lines, in the support of white non-heterosexual bourgeoius or political leaders and in the very conceptualisation of sexuality. As one example Brenda Marie Blasingame in Bisexuality and Feminism speaks of a history of sexuality in U. S. black communities which did not include placing people in particular â€Å"boxes† and accepted the practice of bisexuality. A part of moving into the white gay and lesbian movement for her was the requirement to come out as a specific sexuality and accept the marginalisation of bisexuals. For many people who are not white taking up a gay or lesbian and to a different extent bisexual identity requires an abandonment of their own ethnic politcal identity or view. (Blasingame, pp. 51 – 53) The common conceptual space of non-heterosexual and non-white however can and should however produce queer anti-racism provided white queers realise that this conception of their sexuality is wrong. There is a shared interest in anti-racism and anti-heterosexism in critiqing normalcy and naturalness. As only one example the construction of beauty posits that naturally â€Å"Gentlemen prefer Blondes†. Not only is this sexist for reducing women to a hair colour (and the Blonde is meant to be read as a woman) but it is heterosexist and clearly as racist as â€Å"Gentlemen prefer whites† when Blonde is only a white persons natural hair colour. When we politicise our sexuality we can open up not only the arguments against heterosexual dominance but the arguments against the sexual sterotypes of non-whites including the framing of Asian men as â€Å"young girls† represented in this regrettable quote from the 70’s magazine Gay Power; â€Å"I dig beautiful oriental men. Asking me to shoot at them is the same thing as asking heterosexual soldiers to shoot at beautiful young girls that they would like to fuck. † (Teal, D. p99) Radical Bisexuality and Class. It is worth noting that capitalism which I understand as the continual oppression of the poor that patriarchy is for women is no longer wedded to heterosexuality in Western affluent nations as it has been in the past. This is because Western nations are primarily consumer societies of fairly easily produced goods (easily because their production is either located in the Third World or in the Quattro Monde – the world of the Western underclass or because their production is automated). Western capitalism can therefore relax the â€Å"restraint and repression† which was necessary to both control factory floors and ensure a ready supply of human capital through reproduction. (Altman D, p90) Part of this is also due to unemployment and global capital mobility being sufficient to obtain cheap labour and another contributing factor has been Western women raising their education so they are more useful in employment than at home. Also marriage was the institution by which women were given the role of providing a whole range of services capitalism wouldn’t such as aged care and child raising as well as supporting adult men. Now many of these services are provided by profitable private institutions so traditional marriages are actually in competition with capitalism. Of course the worlds poor can’t afford these services and Thirld World countries remain supportive of compulsory heterosexuality (Altman, D, p90) but in the Western consumer-capitalism there is a an interest to increase consumption through the market of previous services fulfilled by women’s unpaid labour. In order to perpetuate consumption growth capitalism must also locate new disatisfactions like teenage angst, at an alarming rate while also offering at a price their answer. In this context gay, lesbian and even bisexual identities as well as transgenderism, S+M and fetish celebrations are eagerly embraced by many industries as the basis for new markets. Our anxiety for recognition, meaning, ceremony and a positive celebration of our sexuality are easily exploitable. â€Å"†¦ one of the possible negative side-effects of the popularity of ‘lesbian chic’ was that it codes lesbianism as merely a kind of fashion statement, something that requires certain consumer goods to mark the individual as lesbian. † (Newitz & Sandell) Bisexuals have to be mindful that while we seek recognition, capitalism is looking for new markets and while these interests coincide this will only be true for those of us who can afford it and it will be on the backs of the world’s poor involved in the production of our new consumerables and bearing the greatest brunt of the waste from our new consumption. One positive way to resist becoming merely another market is by applying the awareness of the political nature of sexual desire to the desire for consumer goods and services. Both desires are constructed to serve particular interests and not fundamentally our own. Through working to ensure that all of our desire works for liberation we will resist commodification as we achieve recognition. Bisexuality and the Future To outline what I see as the goal of Radical Bisexuality I will illustrate two scenarios depicting false victories and one which I believe genuinely opens up the greatest possibility for liberation. Scenario 1. Recognition of bisexuality as a third alternative way that people unchangably are. To some extent as I have said earlier this can’t overcome the capacity of bisexuals to fit in as straight and thus can’t conceal the choice to embrace the homosexuality within the heterosexual that they represent. However there are arguments that could be presented that bisexuals have to express their same sex desire or become depressed (â€Å"go mad†). These arguments could form the basis of depoliticising and medicalising bisexuality as has been done with homosexuality. This may make bisexual lives easier to defend and add to the options for young people but relegates bisexuals to the same minority status as is currently given to gays and lesbians. Most people who admit to loving their own gender in straight society would face the same oppression bisexuals now face as â€Å"heterosexual experimenters† and recruitment of the majority would be difficult as they would remain â€Å"true† heterosexuals as unable to change as â€Å"true† bisexuals or gays and lesbians. Further it could also trade the oppression that is invisibility for bisexuals with the oppression that is hyper-visibility for straight men and women, and increasingly gays and lesbians. Having recognised sexuality’s repression but not it’s production we will be easily exploitable by capitalism and our liberation may mean as being as marketed to and ritutalised as heterosexuality. Scenario 2. Bisexuality is considered the only natural sexuality which equates it with the only right sexuality. Heterosexuality would be patholigised along with homosexuality as both are considered to have unnatural â€Å"blocks† to loving one or the other gender. This is Bisexual Supremacy which I acknowledge as a justification for gays and lesbians to distrust bisexuals. While it is unlikely to be widely accepted it is possible that it could dominate queer spaces as a pocket of resistance to heterosexual dominance in the same way as celebrations of gay and lesbian purity have. It is certainly more likely to be targetted at lesbians and gays than straights and while this is the fault of heterosexism’s power, not my own, it must be refuted. This is not to say that politicising sexuality will not require some gay men in particular to reassess their rhetoric. Mysoginistic comments which denegrate women’s bodies deserve political criticism and can’t be assured the right to be accepted. However the wider charge of institutionalising the sexual oppression of women and supporting male social bonding can’t be levelled at male homosexuality and certainly not at lesbianism. Indeed at certain points in the struggle against institutionalised oppression different sexual identifications and choices will be appropriate. Because bisexuality is as deliberate a sexuality choice as any other and not a submission to some biological imperative (and even if it were I reject the claim that naturalness equals rightness) we can’t claim an non-contextual ideal status. Its political usefulness is only that of any tactic relative both to the circumstances and to the person, meaning that for some and at some times other sexual choices and identifications are more appropriate. Bisexual supremacy also prioritises the effort to be bisexual over other efforts to unravel heterosexist, patriarchal and racist programming. I have already stressed the need for a variety of critiques of power to inform social change which Bisexual supremacy ignores. In particular men in relationships with women need to realise that doing their share of the housework is far more meaningful than maintaining or developing their capacity to love other men. Scenario 3. The Dream. Realising our sexualities are scripted will hopefully prompt redrafts along feminist, anti-racist and anti-capitalist lines. No-one should be the sole author of this project even with their own sexuality as we all need to listen to the perspectives our privelages rob us off. Certainly a part of this will be a dialogue between political lesbians, bisexuals and straight women which already has a history and whose future I don’t want to conclude. Consequently my dream is vague. What I don’t see in this future is the fetishisation of wealth, whiteness or gendered difference. Women in relationships with men will recieve support and encouragement as full humans. Advertisers will be incapable of capturing our consumption with snake oil as we demand economic production satisfy new needs that we create, for justice and community. Pleasure including sexual pleasure will mean enjoying our values not forgetting them. Bisexuality like other sexualities will have to argue it’s political legitimacy but not it’s existance. Sexual identifications such as â€Å"Confused† may replace bisexual for many if it is recognises more of their personal truth and political terms like Anti-racist may be key elements of sexual identification. Radical bisexuality wont end all struggles but the raw energy of sexuality will be accountable to and in the employ of the great project of improving the world . Bibliography Altman, Dennis, The Homosexualisation of America, The Americanization of the Homosexual, St. Martins Press, New York, 1982 Sedgewick, E. K. , â€Å"How to Bring Your Kids Up Gay†, pp. 69 – 81, Fear of a Queer Planet : Queer Politics and Social Theory, Warner,M. (Editor), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1993 Segal, Lynne, Straight Sex: Rethinking the Politics of Pleasure, University of California Press, U. S. A. , 1994. Foucalt, Michel, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1:An Introduction, Allen Lane, London, 1978 Newitz, A. and J. Sandell,â€Å"Bisexuality And How To Use It: Toward a Coalitional Identity Politics†, Bad Subjects, Issue # 16, October 1994 Caprio, F. S. M. D. Female Homosexuality:A Psychodynamic study of Lesbianism, The Citadel Press, New York, 1954 Weinberg,M. S. , C. J. Williams, D. W. Pryor, Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality, Oxford University Press, Inc. , New York, 1994 Blasingame, B. M. , â€Å"The Roots of Biphobia: Internalised Racism and Internalised Heterosexism† in Closer to Home: Bisexuality and Feminism, Edited by E. R. Wise, Seal Press, U. S. A. , 1992 Colonel R. D. Ray, Military Necessity and Homosexuality , reprinted in Gays:In or Out: The U. S. Military & Homosexuals – A Source book, Brassey’s, March 1993. Teal D. , The Gay Militants, Stein and Day Publishers, New York, 1971. Wittig, M. , The Straight Mind and Other Essays, Beacon Press. Boston, 1992 Descriptors for Sexual Minorities †¢ Front Page †¢ What is h2g2? †¢ Who’s Online †¢ Write an Entry †¢ Browse †¢ Announcements †¢ Feedback †¢ h2g2 Help †¢ RSS Feeds Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! Descriptors for Sexual Minorities | Asexuality | Homosexuality Heterosexuality | Bisexuality | Polyamory | The Kinsey Scale | The Gender Pronoun Game | Coming Out Embarrassing Questions About Sexual Orientation | Going Back In – Sexuality U-turns Modern culture has developed a number of terms and symbols to set apart its sexual minorities. Some of these originated within the different communities themselves. Others evolved from scientists, psychologists, legislators, and newspaper reporters trying to describe their gay, bisexual, transsexual, and polyamorous subjects. Many include obscure references to history that go largely unrecognized. Words Lesbian The word lesbian comes from the Greek island Lesbos, where the poet Sappho lived in 600 BC. Sappho wrote numerous poems about her female love, most of which were destroyed by religious fanatics during the Middle Ages. While the first usage of the word lesbian is unknown, it was used in several academic books as early as 1880. The word became more popular during the 20th Century, especially during the feminist era. The term ‘lesbian separatist’ was commonly used to distinguish feminists who wished to avoid the company of men altogether. Fag, Faggot, Fag Hag ‘Fag’ and ‘faggot’ are American insults for gay men. The term ‘faggot’ first started being used in this way in around 1914, but it is not clear where the word came from. A faggot is a bundle of sticks, used for firewood and tied up for carrying around. In the 16th century it was used as an insulting term for a useless old woman as something that weighs you down, in the same way that ‘baggage’ is sometimes used nowadays. But it’s quite a jump from 1592 to 1914 with nothing recorded in between. Gay men in the latter half of the 20th Century began using the term ‘fag hag’ to refer to straight women who frequently gather at gay establishments, partly as an insult and partly because of the rhyme. Dyke Contrary to popular belief, the origin of the insult ‘dyke’1, in reference to lesbians, has nothing to do with waterways or canals. The word first appeared in 1710 in British newspaper stories about presumed homosexuals Anne Bonny and Mary Reed. The two women captained a very successful pirate venture and completed several lucrative raids of the British Empire before agreeing to be interviewed. Reporters often noted their predilection for wearing men’s clothing, and one editorial avoided the unpleasant connotations of cross dressing by using a French word which refers to men’s clothing, dike. Over the years, this term was corrupted to the modern form ‘dyke’. Since then, general misunderstanding about the term’s origins have inspired many stand-up comedy routines and bad puns. Polyamory, Polygamy, Monogamy The prefix ‘poly-‘ means many, while ‘mono’ means one. The suffix ‘gamy’ was originally from the French word for marriage, but has since been misunderstood as referring to sex. These terms refer to the number of consensual romantic partners taken by each adult in a family. Of course, the suffix ‘amory’ refers to love. Polyamory is a relatively new term coined by modern practitioners, and is greatly preferred by them. Polygamy and the now defunct term bigamy were coined as early as 1800, as the practice of multiple marriages was outlawed in most Western nations. The state of Utah in the USA applied for Statehood three times before finally accepting an injunction against the polygamy practised at that time by the Mormon church. Polygamy is commonly understood as referring to heterosexual relationships where the man has multiple partners. However, with modern polyamory any combination of genders and orientations fulfills the definition. It is not necessary for all parties in a polyamorous relationship to be involved each with the other. Gay During the 1800s and early 1900s, ‘gay’ was simply a state of jubilant happiness. However, during the late 1800s gay was sometimes used to describe prostitutes in much the same way that the phrase ‘happy hookers’ is used today. One theory is that gay came into use to describe homosexual men because of the rise in numbers of male prostitutes during the 1900s. Another theory is that ‘gay’ was

Hold on to your positive attitude

O'Neil emphasis attitude Is not only the most Important element In one's social well being, but also the key to be successful In working environments. The passage shows different forms of daily interacting approaches in order for readers to better acknowledge how attitude can be transform into a person's life. People can perceive one's attitude through the words out of a pen, conversation out f a phone call and most importantly, from one's intention out of their motions.On the other hand, the author showed two examples of how one's attitude can differ from influencing the surroundings according to varying situations. The first example is about attitude in the work place. The author point out that one's will to generate positive attitude and also have the ability to retain the positive attitude while working with people, Is the most significant factor of Indicating one's prosperity and the most that other appreciate to working with. Hence, a worker that unable to show positive attitud e will always have significantly as less opportunity to perform as a worker who are always friendly and approachable for help.The second example Is also related to the attitude in the work place, but this is about how one's determination to feel and adapt the surrounding of the working environment. When one perceives the working environment is not ideal or favorable, he tends to perform much worse than a worker who enjoys everything he contact with in the work place. Therefore, the author advice one should always put effort into what is difficult to accomplish, other than wasting time in complaining what is bad and bothering.Moreover, it Is essential to consider the attitude of oneself before action, especially in the work place. It is because attitude Is an Indicator of whether a person fits a position. For example If a worker performs very well at work, but he shows bad manner and unwilling to communicate with his colleges, and such negative attitude have surrounded the team and u ltimately ruined the whole operation of a task. In his example, the blame and responsibility will always go to the worker, not for the reason of his performance, but his poor attitude to work as a team.Besides the two examples, the author has generally described the importance of attitude in personal aspect. The author state that attitude is easier to be perceive with one's body and facial utterance in a conversation, it is because people sometime talks with the tongue in the cheek, but their facial utterances are harder to show overtones and connotations. Therefore, if one perceived negative attitude from a person through his odd language, one will no longer have the will to maintain the conversation due to the negative attitude had already deteriorate the content of such conversation.In addition, the author reminds readers that one should always preserve positive attitude from being distorted, It Is because a deteriorated attitude can affect one's emotion and turns Into negative a ttitude. If such unpleasant mood has spread to the people in the surrounding, one's social life and career will go bad in no time. To should do self-evaluation as frequent as possible, like one should evaluate oneself as en reminds oneself to drink eight glasses of water per day.To conclude, a person should not only show and keep positive attitude in the working environment, but also treat other with honesty, not to expose your negative attitude through the word is important, while avoid negative body and facial gestures are as eloquent as one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. Moreover, one should focus on resolving problems other than blaming people for their mistakes, because negative attitude will not union the group, but only tear it into pieces.